A DNA molecule consists of two long polynucleotide chains. Each of these chains is known as a DNA chain, or a DNA strand. Hydrogen bonds between the base portions of the nucleotides hold the two chains together, nucleotides are composed of a five-carbon sugar to which are attached one or more phosphate groups and a nitrogen base. In the case of the nucleotides in DNA, the sugar is deoxyribose attached to a single phosphate group, and the base may be either adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), or thymine (T). The nucleotides are inked together in a chain through the sugars and phosphates.
Gel electrophoresis is a laboratory method used to separate mixtures of DNA, RNA, or proteins according to molecular size. Below is a lab that demonstrates how scientists use this method. |
The offspring of 2 organisms pass on different traits to their child. These traits come in many shapes and forms, like hair color, eye color, shape of eyes, etc. Alleles that make these traits come in many forms also, they can be dominate X or recessive x if a dominate allele is present usually the offspring will inherit the trait that it represents. A punnet square is a that is used to predict an outcome of a particular cross or breeding experiment. A pedigree chart is a diagram that shows occurrence in a phenotype of any given organism and how it was passed down by its ancestors.
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The grapple is one of many genetically modified organisms. It was modified to send to third world countries in order to supply the people there with nutrients their bodies need. The grapple is part grape and part apple. Scientists use other types of DNA technology to also help us out, like cloning, bio-pharmaceuticals, and stem cells.
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DNA
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RNA
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Mitosis- consists of interphase, mitosis, and cytokinesis.
Interphase- longest part of the cell cycle, growth, metabolism and preperation for division occurs Mitosis- division of nucleus of the cell
Rusults:
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Meiosis- consists of 2 cell divisions but only one chromosome replication, each cell division consists of prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase
occurs only in sex cells First division- produces cells containing 1/2 number of double stranded chromosomes Second division- results in formation of 4 cells each cell with 1/2 number of single stranded organisms Sperm- each sperm developes into 4 haploid cells, as they develop they loose their cytoplasm and grow a tail for movement Egg- each egg develops into one large haploid cell Results- 4 daughter cells 1/2 number of chromosomes sex cells combine during sexual reproduction to produce a diploid individual |